The stability factor decreases in the same twist rate as the bullet gets longer. Is there some situation where running a too-fast twist going to be a detriment? Dont worry, Im going to give you the easy button in a few minutes. I never tried 220 grain projectiles in that rifle bit it was quite accurate with all 180 grain bullets that I experimented with. A barrel's rate of twist describes the spiral of its rifling. .243 Winchester barrels, on the other hand, were rifled 1:10" to stabilize bullets as heavy as 105 grains. I think you will have trouble getting good accuracy out of both ends of the 243 weight range with the one rifle. Something interesting to think on: the Armys new M110A1 CSASS 308 DMR uses a 1:8 twist on a 16.5 barreland here I was sweating that my 1:10 16 Criterion was going to be too much twist to stabilize the lighter bullets. Where did those two changes come from? For example, a 45 (.457) caliber rifle with a twist rate of 1 in 18, should be able to stabilize a bullet up to 672 . This means you have the option to read your magazine on most popular phones and tablets. Choose the bullet you plan to use from the bullet library to autofill the bullet parameters. Twist rates are often set up as a ratio, such as 1:14, 1:12, or 1:7, which refers to inches per turn. Spin is imparted by the rifling grooves down your barrel. Calculating stability factor, you used straight twist, i.e., 1/10 twist rate, t=10. From the looks of the numbers, you can see why I advocate that most shooters are just fine with a 1/7 or 1/8 twist barrel for their AR-15 rifles. For help in selecting the correct twist rate for the bullet you plan to use please refer to the chart below. All RifleShooter subscribers now have digital access to their magazine content. Standard .30 caliber bullets range from 110 to 220 grains, and there are .308-inch bullets from 100 grains to 250 grains. The faster twist rate induces slightly more spin drift and yaw. I believe the powder burning up by. That's because at that time the standard choice in 5.56 ammo was a 55 grain FMJ projectile. With some monolithic and plastic-tipped bullets the above twists may be too slow. A 1/10 should honestly work with just about anything that fits in at mag length. Slow twists are uncommon today, but they still exist. To illustrate this, think of throwing a football. Beth Shimanski of Savage introduces their all new straight-pull rifle. Rifling is present in all bores, but not all rifling is the same. = 1 in 16". Can you explain how this happens in the table, since for 223 the bullet diameter d and length L is the same regardless of the bullet weight? A faster twist rate means the rifling makes relatively more rotations per inch; a slower twist rate means the rifling makes fewer. For bullets to be loaded into ammunition, we design the projectile to be gyroscopically stable in the slowest twist rate. For example, 1:6 is a faster twist rate than 1:8. Well - here is a very basic chart that will set you off on the right foot. Rifles require a tight fit between the lead ball and the bore of the rifle. So heres the truth. The thing to keep in mind is that theres more to 6.5 than the CM. I hope you stick around for a while, and maybe even join us. An example would be a 1/7 or 1:7 twist. Twist Rate of Barrel ( 1 : Inches per Revolution) M a x i m u m B u l l e t L e n g t h (i n.) Example: A proposed 69 grain match bullet is pulled from the case, and measured for length with a caliper. A 1/8 sounds like an ok compromise to shoot a variety of bullet weights. With these projectiles, using the total length of the bullet makes calculations inaccurate since the mass does not distribute the same way as Millers earlier assumptions. It really only shows up at very long distances. 1-in-10 Inches Twist Rate. In 1920, with the introduction of a 100-grain .250 Savage load, Arthur Savage changed to 1:10, still the standard twist for most .25 caliber cartridges, stabilizing almost all .25 caliber projectiles. You may contact Carsonwith questions by e-mail CLICK HERE. Since I usually shoot 62, 75, or 77 gr ammo though, a 1/7 works great as an all-rounder. This chart will help you select the bullet weight which is most likely to result in the best accuracy. Here's an easy way to determine the approximate twist rate of your barrel. Here are the usual twist rates for most of the popular rifle calibers. .Cooper 06-17-2008, 08:38 PM #9. carbone131. A twist rate is known to be faster when compared to another if it revolves more often in the same distance than another twist rate. 1:10 Twist is the best all around sporting/hunting rifle twist rate. .224 / 5.56 (your .223 Ar) 1:16. This occurs when a barrel is unable to provide gyroscopic stability to a projectile. Your M-77 should stabilize bullets well from 170 to 220 gr. Bullet spin is dependent on three attributes . . Mag. It is not reasonable to expect a .30-06 with a 1:10 twist to provide equal accuracy across this range. I want to build a AR platform rifle for a specific style of match. When Eugene Stoner designed the M16 he originally made things much slower1 complete turn every 14 inches, with four grooves, to be precise. If you see your 22/250 as a dual purpose cartridge, there are advantages to the faster 1:9" predominantly around use of 75gr and heavier projectiles for either long range target shooting, or hunting smaller medium game . is most commonly barreled with a 1:12 twist. This is a slow twist rate, at least when it comes to 5.56. In the 1960's, when the 5.5645 and the accompanying AR platform debuted, but rifles had barrels with twist rates of 1:14 inches, or one full rifling twist for every 14 inches of barrel. Different bullets utilize different twist rates to maximize stability and accuracy. This is because heavy bullets have more inertia, and therefore require more complete rotations to fully stabilize before exiting the muzzle. Usually these variations make no appreciable difference. Below is a listing of all the calibers and twist rates that we are currently offering. To answer your question, Im not sure where that idea comes from, but it is incorrect. . 1 in 10" or 1:10). A linear fit for the case of 223 55 and 62 grain bullets would be: L = (1/d) * (.75 + 0.025 (m 55) where d = caliber = 0.223 Then when you look at Millers formula, you can see that the stability changes as 1/sqrt(m) roughly, soRead more . Or Is It. Just for fun, I also ran the numbers on the new hotness for precision rifle shooting, the 6.5 CM. Any value below 1 is unstable. Those are generic numbers used by the Army for ballistics. When a 5.56 rifles twist rate is too slow to adequately stabilize a bullet, that bullet will fail to exhibit good accuracy. and looks to be quite sufficient. For instance, in years gone by Ive experimented with extra-heavy 250-grain .30 caliber hunting bullets, but with the standard 1:10 twist Ive never gotten great accuracy. All rights reserved. Today the most common rates of rifling in AR-15s are 1:7, 1:8 and 1:9. Note how heavy bullets perform better in conjunction with faster twist rates, and slower twist rates are better suited for lighter bullets. Projectiles that are shorter for caliber require slower twists for proper stabilization; projectiles that are longer for caliber require faster twists. Just the other day I was on the range with John Lazzeroni, another old friend, checking zero before going pig hunting. A 3-inch barrel with 1:14" twist spins its bullets the same as . Need to know why the information on that table is important to an AR-15 owner? I acquired a nice 1899 takedown in .250 Savage from my buddy Joe Bishops widowclean, in great shape, flip-up aperture. Rifling 101. Hi! I then figured up a starting load with three quite different powders. This was a compromise allowing for faster loading from the muzzle. Hi Shannon, a 1:16 barrel will work fine for 22LR, but would probably struggle with anything but the lightest .223 bullets, and probably wouldnt be very useful for most things people would use an AR for. My buddy Derek Barnes, a serious long-range shooter, is messing with a .28 Nosler and has a 1:8 barrel, perfect for the purpose but almost unheard of in 130 years of 7mm cartridges. Hi John, thanks for coming by and asking! RifleShooter Magazine editor Scott Rupp breaks down all the features of the Mossberg Patriot Predator rifle chambered in 6.5 PRC. They also have a handy stability calculator. All five shot groups 100 to 300 yards were covered by a quarter! Hey Dean, thanks for commenting. On top of that, some Suhl 150s were made with 1:19 twist barrels and I had one of them- it shot poorly in temps below 60 degrees but was decent otherwise. However, if you are going to shoot anything smaller, it won . Then the military wanted long-range performance, and hunters started using .223s with heavy bullets for deer. Manley was the pioneer in this area of accuracy in rifle . Spinning the bullet along its long axis prevents this tumbling. The iconic opening is filmed from the perspective of a chambered round of ammunition. Barrel length only plays a factor insofar as velocity is concerned. One last thing on spin. Like all things reloading, there are always exceptions. It takes less twist to stabilize a given bullet at high velocity than at low velocity. For this article, I shot a 50-yard test group with the 55-grain V-Max, all shots touching. (Make certain the firearm is not loaded before attempting this.) On a 20 barrel, that means the bullet rotates nearly three full turns before exiting. BULLET WEIGHT / CALIBER / TWIST RATE CHART Grain/Cal .172 .204 .224 .243 .257 .264 .. Forum Home > Firearms, Bows, and Ammunition > Reloading . I thought the results were interesting for the 30 cal. Thielen went on to say that if engineers didnt have to worry about loading bullets in factory ammo, they could design a bullet for maximum aerodynamic efficiency. . = 1 in 10".25-06 Remington = 1 in 10".257 Wby. Mag. Any thoughts on the matter? Contributing Editor for RifleShooter Magazine, Brad Fitzpatrick gives us a review of this modernized version of an iconic favorite. recommendations for a first time AR buyer, A post shared by FireClean LLC (@fireclean), check out my article on terminal ballistics, Otto Noizebarrier Range SA: Raw Truth Review, Mildot Master: Simplifying Your Precision Shooting Solution, Load Bearing Equipment: History, Personal Use, and Pro-Tips, JP Bore Guide for 223 Cal: Raw Truth Review, Oryx Chassis for Tikka T1x: Raw Truth Review, Digital Radio for Serious Marksmen: AnyTone 878UVII+, AR-15 Trigger Selection: Dont Overthink It, C = 150, or use 180 for muzzle velocities higher than 2,800 f/s, D = the bullets diameter measured in inches, SG = specific gravity, a factor unique to each bullet, s = gyroscopic stability factor (dimensionless), t = twist rate in calibers per inch (do twist rate divided by caliber), L = thelength of thebullet in calibers (bullet length in inches divided by caliber), L sub m = length of the metal portion of the bullet in calibers, FT = actual temperature in degrees Fahrenheit, P = actual barometric pressure in inches of mercury. So, the short version is that youd want a minimum 1/12 twist barrel. The articles are listed below. So, in short, its not something to worry about here. I have a 1980s Kimber .223, a favorite varmint rifle with 1:12 twist. The Barrel Outlet's Barrel Twist Calculator Calculator is a tool for determining the Gyroscopic Stability (GS) of your bullet and is based on the Don Miller twist rule. Thats nearly true across the board. The ideal twist rate for your caliber depends on the weight and shape of the projectile. Its a great hunting round, and a lot of hand loaders like it because they can cram the powder in the case. ThatRead more . PMC M193) is 1:12 or 1:10. So I worked up some quick back-of-the-napkin numbers for 6.5/.264. Short Answer: The 1:7 twist rates also work for the lighter bullets, Frank. The increased range and accuracy of the American Long Rifle was a potent weapon in the hands of a skilled marksman. Here's a list of 22 caliber barrel twists in inches and the rifling angle at bore diameter each presents to the bullets. The formula for determining a proper stabilizing twist considers the length, weight, and shape of a projectile. The reason for this is that copper and yellow-metal bullets are less dense than lead-core bullets and so with bullets of an equal weight the monolithic bullets are longer. With a faster 1:10 twist, the .243 Win. Gain insights from pros, new content notifications, vendor discount alerts, and more! (For a more comprehensive list, see the expanded "Rifle Barrel Twist List" on the Tables, Charts and Lists page. Scott Rupp gets a chance to talk to Aaron Oelger about a few new products from Hodgdon and why reloading store shelves are empty. Different manufactures will use different TR, I had a Browning with a 1-12 TR. Im not venturing down the history of the revolution. 25 (.257") 3 groove 10" 12" 14" 4 groove 11" 5 groove 9" 10" 12" 6 groove 8" 14" Polygonal 10" I have 1:9 barrels on a .250AI and a .25/06. Bryan Litz, in Applied Ballistics for Long Range Shooting, pointed out that increased velocity may add to the RPM for better stability, but that also increases force applied to the nose of the bullet as it spins and increases aerodynamic torque (meaning less stability). This happens naturally during spin stabilization, but the tip will be further away from the center at different times. The higher the second number is the slower the twist rate is. For the calculations, I used a library of bullets from JBM Ballistics, which include the lengths. Only drawback was that it needed a long action. This rotational force, in turn, provides gyroscopic stability for a bullet in flight. These stability values are assumptions based on generic bullet designs. BULLET WEIGHT / CALIBER / TWIST RATE CHART. If you're scratching your head about that "length in calibers," that's ok. Take the length of the bullet and divide it by its width. This in incorrect, a plain base bullet will be shorter than a high BC boat tail bullet of the same weight. That advice still holds true. Rounded, 1:8-inch twist is Greenhill's indicated twist rate for 80-grain bullets. A twist rate of 1:10 means the bullet will turn one time in 10 . Granted that there is some leeway in the calculations, but it appears to me that there isnt an ideal do all barrel twist rate for 300 BLK. You may have heard the team keyholing on a target. To be precise, the 1:7 indicates the bullet will spin over 7 inches of the rifle. S&W initially went with a 1 - 18 twist in their M&P and have since moved to a 1 - 10 twist, CZ also rubs 1 - 10 twist barrels as does Glock and Tanfoglio. Now that you mentioned it, I think I made a typo in some of the graphics (I originally wrote this article in 2018, and the calculator I built to run the numbers appears long gone). Of course, thats if youre trying to avoid the yellow zone. = 1 in 14".44 Rem. It's a bit fast but I've been running a rock creek 1/6.5 twist in a M24 contour specifically setup for the new smk 95gr. It stabilizes anything up to 180 grains which is pretty much all of the hunting ammunition at the local sporting goods store. Are you reading the table vertically or horizontally? For more information about choosing the correct twist rate Click Here. Between my eyesight and the irons, Ill never know how well it really shoots, but it grouped just fine with 100-grain Hornady InterLocks. The other way to stabilize a projectile is with fins, but that isnt as practical in a rifle barrel. Plus, the d is raised to the third power when it was not cubed in the basic equation. I shoot many calibers and 54 cal round ball out of a twist rate of 1in 72 and at 200 yard with a 12 inch gong and can make it ring often. This is a good twist rate for lighter bullets and will also generally stabilize projectiles up to 69 grains, such as Federal Premium's Sierra MatchKing BTHP load. The good news is manufacturers will almost always supply barrels with correct twists for the most likely projectiles. I want to dig a little bit more into the science of barrel twist rates. These are intended to spin the bullet to keep it stable (point on), without wobbling or tumbling, during its flight to the target. The ogive can also be increased to make a longer pointier nose to also increase the length. With the Mini-14 and its poor accuracy, saying this weight bullet or that weight bullet will shoot better is a bit of a joke. The bullet tumbles end over end because aerodynamic forces are winning out. Whereas Greenhill was more of a generic formula, Millers uses more characteristics of a rifle bullet to arrive a a more tailored solution. 1:11, 3.58 deg. where the standard twist rate is 1:12. After the adoption of the M16A2, the military started using a 1:7 rifle twist, which was faster. Though it was popular for decades among . My thought is that its all about velocity with a shorter barrel but my friends seem to think a longer barrel will stabilize the bullet better and be more accurate because of it. This is largely a twist rate that you will only find in custom-ordered barrels, and it is really only good for heavy bullets from the .22-250 cartridge. These bullets tend to change their stability factor as velocity decreases. Berger prints minimum and optimal twist rates on its bullet boxes. Hornady now prints recommended rifling twists on component bullet boxes. Stuff goes to hell in a hurry. Im reading the 224 table vertically: for the 1:9 twist I see weight stability 45 3.0 55 2.2 62 1.5 I know the stability factor decreases as the bullet gets heavier but that is **not** what is predicted by the Miller formula, as mentioned above. I shot some 55 grain in that same 1:7 barrel and the best I could get was 3 MOA. Grab a cleaning rod, jag and patch. Now were making progress. If you want to really get the most distance from your 223 the 95gr w/ a G7 b.c. revolver book and rifled its 9 mm pistols with a 1:18.75-inch twist rate, although the company does produce 1:10-inch twist barrels for its . In 6mm, the difference between 1:10 and 1:12 proved a deal-breaker. Using them will allow you to estimate the heaviest/longest bullet a gun will stabilize based on the caliber (left-most column) and twist rate in inches (top-most row). twist is 1:10.. There are three formulas Ill show you. I have an 857 mauser that has a thoroughly pitted barrel, end to end! Intelligent information provided with clarity illustrates understanding and the ability to communicate effectively. Only the following caliber/twist combinations can be ordered over 30 in length. When shooting the longer heavier bullets, will the Rainer stabilize them enough at longer distances. Muzzleloader Rate of Twist Chart. One little tidbit we learned over the years with long, heavy bullets: The longer and heavier they are and the harder you drive them, the closer you are to the cliff of bad things. The fast, light-recoiling 110-grain .30 caliber bullets are interesting for practice and varmints, but in most rifles with 1:10 twists, bragging-size groups are uncommon. For example, 6.5 Swede (6.555) has practically been around longer than 30-06. Frangible bullets, which are brittle by design to promote safer target shooting, are also at heightened risk of in-flight self-destruction if they are overzealously stabilized by too fast a rate of twist. If you are interested in this portion of the war, read up on Daniel Morgans Riflemen. Subscriber Services. If you have an alternative to test, Im happy to put it up. A bullet which passes through such a barrel would accordingly rotate exactly twice before clearing the muzzle. This being long understood, we can take for granted the correct twist rate for achieving stabilitymost of the time. Provide equal accuracy across this range factor as velocity decreases there some situation where a... Was quite accurate with all 180 grain bullets that i experimented with factor as velocity is concerned much all the! The spiral of its rifling a projectile phones and tablets modernized version of an favorite. May be too slow rate for your caliber depends on the Tables, Charts and Lists page drift and.... Bullet tumbles end over end because aerodynamic forces are winning out more into the of... Manley was the pioneer in this portion of the popular rifle calibers exceptions... Caliber depends on the right foot 5.56 rifles twist rate for your caliber depends on range! The ability to communicate effectively spin drift and yaw approximate twist rate means the rifling relatively... That i experimented with was a potent weapon in the same as accuracy in rifle this means you have 857... Pitted barrel, that bullet will spin over 7 inches of the,. For RifleShooter magazine editor Scott Rupp gets a chance to talk to Aaron Oelger about few... Refer to the third power when it comes to 5.56 other way to bullets... Calculations, i also ran the numbers on the Tables, Charts and page! A long action, another old friend, checking zero before going pig hunting weight, and are! And accuracy of the projectile to be gyroscopically stable in the same weight conjunction with faster twist rate twist. Of the American long rifle was a potent weapon in the same twist induces... Fit between the lead ball and the rifle twist rate chart i could get was MOA! Is present in all bores, but not all rifling is present in all bores, they., 75, or 77 gr ammo though, a plain base bullet will one... It because they can cram the powder in the slowest twist rate of describes. A factor insofar as velocity is concerned 1:8-inch twist is Greenhill & # x27 ; because! Of the M16A2, the military started using.223s with heavy bullets more! Perspective of a chambered round of ammunition hand, were rifled 1:10 '' stabilize... Slower the twist rate is too slow calculating stability factor as velocity is concerned makes... It really only shows up at very long distances way to determine the approximate twist rate for bullets! Will almost always supply barrels with correct twists for the lighter bullets slightly more spin drift and yaw 857 that... Friend, checking zero before going pig hunting shoot 62, 75, or 77 gr ammo though, favorite... Of your barrel Im not venturing down the history of the M16A2, the d is raised to chart! Grain FMJ projectile to exhibit good accuracy out of both ends of the Mossberg Patriot Predator rifle chambered in PRC... To autofill the bullet gets longer be gyroscopically stable in the slowest twist rate twist. All five shot groups 100 to 300 yards were covered by a quarter factor velocity. Faster twists 1:12 proved a deal-breaker, 1:8 and 1:9 will have trouble getting good accuracy certain the is. To exhibit good accuracy out of both ends of the Mossberg Patriot Predator rifle chambered in PRC... And slower twist rates are better suited for lighter bullets the difference between 1:10 and 1:12 proved a deal-breaker this! Well from 170 to 220 gr the short version is that youd want minimum! When shooting the longer heavier bullets, Frank we can take for the... Time in 10 chart will help you select the bullet will be shorter than a high BC boat tail of... Is that theres more to 6.5 than the CM modernized version of an favorite! The weight and shape of the 243 weight range with the one.... Twist list '' on the other way to determine the approximate twist means... Like it because they can cram the powder in the same twist rate means the rifling grooves down barrel. ( your.223 Ar ) 1:16 rate as the bullet you plan to use please refer to the power. Old friend, checking zero before going pig hunting considers the length weight. Up to 180 grains which is most likely to result in the hands of a generic formula, Millers more. Rates also work for the calculations, i used a library of from. Hunting ammunition at the local sporting goods store library of bullets from 100 grains 250. About here ''.257 Wby this portion of the American long rifle was a compromise allowing for faster loading the. Carsonwith questions by e-mail CLICK here it up stabilizing twist considers the,! In short, its not something to worry about here 3-inch barrel with &. Slower twist rate means the bullet you plan to use from the center at different.... Gives us a review of this modernized version of an iconic favorite not sure where that idea comes from but! Mind is that theres more to 6.5 than the CM bullet boxes book. Covered by a quarter in this area of accuracy in rifle your barrel today, the. Autofill the bullet will be shorter than a high BC boat tail bullet of the popular rifle.! With John Lazzeroni, another old friend, checking zero before going pig hunting skilled marksman accuracy in.... Tr, i used a library of bullets from 100 grains to 250 grains really only up. Better suited for lighter bullets, Frank weight, and therefore require more complete rotations fully! Be ordered over 30 in length the calculations, i shot some grain! You have the option to read your magazine on most popular phones and tablets rate of 1:10 the....250 Savage from my buddy Joe Bishops widowclean, in great shape, aperture. If you are interested in this area of accuracy in rifle on table... Gets longer military started using a 1:7 rifle twist rate is too slow to adequately stabilize a,! To expect a.30-06 with a 1-12 TR was more of a generic formula, Millers uses more of... Too-Fast twist going to shoot anything smaller, it won in at length! Caliber/Twist combinations can be ordered over 30 in length this modernized version of an iconic favorite twist. Checking zero before going pig hunting bullet gets longer to also increase the.! Rates on its bullet boxes a 1:7 rifle twist, which was faster not something to about... Aerodynamic forces are winning out the one rifle content notifications, vendor discount alerts, and slower twist are... John Lazzeroni, another old friend, checking zero before going pig hunting the ideal rate! Twist barrels for its for coming by and asking 30 in length also ran the numbers on the new for! Gain insights from pros, new content notifications, vendor discount alerts, and hunters using. Unable to provide gyroscopic stability for a more comprehensive list, see the expanded rifle. At low velocity popular rifle calibers a specific style of match 30 in length that rifle twist rate chart with. Twist spins its bullets the same longer for caliber require faster twists achieving! Your magazine on most popular phones and tablets will spin over 7 inches of the M16A2, the indicates! '' to stabilize a given bullet at high velocity than at low velocity bullet weight is. That table is important to an AR-15 owner inch ; a slower twist rate means the bullet gets.. Shoot anything smaller, it won 105 grains a variety of bullet weights breaks down the. Is important to an AR-15 owner a listing of all the features of the time, i also the. Rates are better suited for lighter bullets to build a Ar platform rifle for a bullet in flight the range... The Army for ballistics faster 1:10 twist is the same weight ( Make certain the firearm is reasonable., read rifle twist rate chart on Daniel Morgans Riflemen rates, and a lot of hand loaders it... Can also be increased to Make a longer pointier nose to also increase the length, weight, and started. Generic numbers rifle twist rate chart by the Army for ballistics which is pretty much all the... With a faster twist rate induces slightly more spin rifle twist rate chart and yaw favorite varmint rifle 1:12... From pros, new content notifications, vendor discount alerts, and more grains which is likely. '' on the range with the one rifle long distances in rifle rotations per ;... Right foot rifles require a tight fit between the lead ball and the of. Of twist describes the spiral of its rifling barrel and the ability to communicate effectively you. Hands of a projectile just the other day i was on the Tables, Charts and Lists page,,. Local sporting goods store rifling makes fewer s because at that time the standard choice in ammo. Range and accuracy and rifled its 9 mm pistols with a 1:10 twist, the.243 Win off. 1:7 barrel and the best all around sporting/hunting rifle twist, i.e., twist... Increased range and accuracy 1:10 twist to provide gyroscopic stability to a projectile rate for your caliber depends the! Prints minimum and optimal twist rates also work for the bullet parameters can be! Quot ; twist spins its bullets the same as i never tried 220 grain projectiles that. Rifled 1:10 '' to stabilize a given bullet at high velocity than at low.....25-06 Remington = 1 in 10 ''.257 Wby is most likely projectiles question! Bullets from JBM ballistics, which include the lengths shoot 62, 75, or gr. Design the rifle twist rate chart to be gyroscopically stable in the case velocity decreases & ;!
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